First Fitna (Camel & Ṣiffīn)
war · 656–661 · Iraq & Syria
First great intra-Muslim schism; roots of the Sunni–Shia divide. Framings are contested.
At a glance
| Type | war |
|---|---|
| Date | 656–661 · lasted 5 years |
| Location | Iraq & Syria |
| Outcome | Civil war within the caliphate; ended with Muʿāwiya's ascendancy. |
The reported casualty figures and/or framing of this conflict are contested.